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Back to Music and Sound FX

Composing Music For Video Games: Chords

Audio
Published April 11, 2014 by Joe Gilliver, Dan Harris, posted by Ocular Audio
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As with previous articles this article does not aim to cover this area in depth but to provide a rudimentary understanding to aid individuals looking for such material. The material is intended to help not just composers new to the field but also give developers a better understanding of audio.
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Major and Minor Chords

Chords come in all shapes, sizes and flavours. The most common though is the major or minor triad. A major triad consists of the root note, the major 3rd and the perfect 5th intervals with relation to the root note. To keep it simple, if we are in C major then the C major triad is C, E and G. The minor triad is exactly the same except that the third is flattened and therefore a semitone lower. So a C minor triad will contain an Eb rather than an E. If you have a positive, happy scene on screen and the story needs positive reinforcement then a major chord is going to help this. A minor chord, with its 'sad' tones will not suit it. Going further than the minor chord we can then flatten the fifth interval and arrive at a diminished chord. The diminished chord isn't a pleasant construction at all. Take a listen to the three examples: C - Cm - Cdim The dissonance created of the diminished chord leaves us feeling very uneasy. Although these diminished chords don't have much use in today's chart music, they can be used in certain settings. For example creating tense music for a suspense scene. It is that flattened 5th interval that causes so much tension. The diminished chord also always appears more intense when played on instruments with a lot of harmonic content, such as brass and bowed string instruments. Listen to the examples of the following instruments playing a C diminished; Brass Strings Xylophone Compared to the xylophone the brass and strings portray greater power, emphasising the diminished chord. The less complex harmonic content of the xylophone is not as brash, and therefore less aggressive. We won't go into too much detail here regarding instrumentation when composing, as that will be covered in a later article. But this is a good example of how using different instruments for different chord sections can help emphasise the feeling of a chord.

Suspended Chords

In the first tutorial key words were discussed to help plan out the emotional and tonal feel of a scene. These reference words are key when thinking of chord choice and chord progressions. A happy, uplifting, romantic environment will benefit more from major chords than minor chords. As long as the storyline calls for it. Sometimes juxtaposing what is happening visually with the music can help lead the consumer to feel differently towards the visuals. For instance introducing and uneasy and uncertain tone to a scene where two people appear happy. Therefore providing an undertone to some other area of the overall storyline. As just mentioned, this can be useful when undertones to the storyline need to be portrayed. This is always good for themes where things are 'too good to be true'. Composing music that creates uneasiness and suspense will encourage consumers to listen to their 'gut feeling' that something isn't right, and not just rely on the visuals for how they feel. It is when composing such cues that suspended chords can be very useful. A suspended chord is a chord whereby one interval in the chord, we'll use a triad to keep it simple, is replaced by another interval. For instance a C major chord will become a Csus4 if the third (E) is removed and replaced with the fourth interval (F). Likewise a Csus2 is created by removing the third and playing a D in its place. Take a listen to both of them in the examples. Csus4 - Csus2 As you can hear from these two chord examples they both have different feels to them. The Sus 4 chord reinforces a more major tone. This is due to the fact that the suspended 4th interval is closer to the major 3rd than it is the minor 3rd. And if in root position this chord contains both perfect 4th and perfect 5th intervals relative to the root note. The only chord this doesn't correspond to is the diminished chord, as there is no perfect 5th interval in a diminished chord. The Sus 2 chord however leans towards a more minor feel, as the suspended 2nd interval is closer to the minor 3rd than the major 3rd. Now you can hopefully see how these chord constructions can be useful. By utilising suspensions you can help guide emotions by not overly emphasising the happy or sad tones of the chord. Another example (just to reinforce some more) in the key of C we have the chord A minor, by changing the third (C) to a suspended fourth (D), it softens the blow of the minor chord, or maybe opens up an avenue to modulate. Modulation will however will be covered in another article. Suspended chords are great to end with as they give a great cliff hanger. In other words, the composition does not feel like it has fully resolved because of no reference to a major or minor key. As referenced in the video this is perfect when composing for video games. It is common in video games for sections of music to loop seamlessly. If using the same two or three chords over and over the music could get boring and repetitive very quickly. However, utilising a suspended chord at the end of a progression, or at various points throughout, can help make the transition of a repeat better. It also helps add interest as the chord tones give a different flavour.

Chord Extensions & Compounds

This is a subject which is very extensive within itself. Extensions and compounds are additions to chords beyond the basic triads. For example, a Major 7th is an extension on a major triad. As different genres of music utilise different extensions for different flavours, it is too large of a subject to cover in simplicity. However, they are worth reading into further if you have the time as they can help add lots of character to existing progressions.

Movement & Inversions

One very important aspect of composition is how chords work and progress together. Chord progressions are staple part of songwriting and composition. It is vital to be able to piece together chords in coherent progressions in order to create an overall piece of music. Before discussing chord progressions though it is useful to mention inversions. An inverted chord is made when a note from the chord tones other than the root is played in the root position. For example, a C major chord in root position is played C-E-G. 1st inversion would be E-G-C. And 2nd inversion would be G-C-E. Third inversions do exist but only for chords that contain more than three notes (extensions & compounds). For example, having a CMaj7 chord and putting the B (major 7th interval) in the bass. We will keep it simple for the purpose of not getting overly complicated at this point. If you would like to read more, there is plenty of material elsewhere on the internet. How can inversions be used when composing you ask? Well let's consider a very simple chord progression, the good old I - IV - V (1 - 4 - 5). If this progression was to be played with all of the chords in root position the movement would be disjointed and not flow particularly well. Yes it would still work, but if playing on the piano your hand would be all over the shop. This is because the root is always at the bottom of the chord. So you will be moving from C up to F, then to G and then down to C again. Take a listen to the following example so you can hear for yourself. Root Position Movement How can this be played in a manner whereby the hand moves less and therefore the chords flow better? Let's try the two options below. OPTION 1 - C in root position (C - E - G), followed by F in 2nd inversion (C - F - A,) and finally G in 2nd inversion (D - G - B). Let's hear what that sounds like... OPTION 2 - C in 2nd inversion (G - C - E), followed by F in 1st inversion (A - C - F), and finally G in 1st inversion (B - D - G) As you can hear in both cases you are minimising the movement between not only the bass notes of the chords, but also of the other intervals. Take a look at some of the midi from these and this will be even clearer. The above examples give testament to how utilising inversions can help make the movement of chords easier. This knowledge I (Joe) have found to be very useful when composing pieces for a string section for example. The string parts flow better when the chords are closer together. - Joe Gilliver & Dan Harris (Ocular Audio)
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Comments

Gaiiden

my favorite example of a Major/Minor key switch was when someone told me the Naboo celebration song at the end of Episode I was the Emperor's Theme in major key. I played them both in my head and my brain exploded. John Williams is a genius

April 03, 2014 06:24 PM
studentTeacher

my favorite example of a Major/Minor key switch was when someone told me the Naboo celebration song at the end of Episode I was the Emperor's Theme in major key. I played them both in my head and my brain exploded. John Williams is a genius

And now a subsequent explosion happened in my head!

Great article BTW, I'm starting to dabble in music for my game since it's so silent....this was quite helpful to get me started (along with some of your other articles).

April 03, 2014 08:53 PM
fafase

Thought this one would never come again.

That starts to get real interesting. If I may give a little pointer to this, the audio examples are great but if you could also give some popular examples.

The diminished chord for example, think the legend of Zelda (Nes), in the castle levels.

Major chord, think Legend of Zelda again but this time outside world.

Major/Minor, Mario Bros main theme, Mario Bros Bowser Castle

See how a pattern is showing up, Major is often used in outside world for happy feeling, minor and diminished (which is a minor as well) for claustrophobic atmosphere (you do mention that anyway).

sus4/sus2 Don't have any example of sus4 but I think Police (the band) was extensively using the sus2 chord, Everybreath you take is an arpeggio based on this.

Again, I am not at all minimizing your work, just bringing some thoughts I feel you should add there for people to right away get what you mean.

Thanks

April 04, 2014 02:49 PM
Ocular Audio

my favorite example of a Major/Minor key switch was when someone told me the Naboo celebration song at the end of Episode I was the Emperor's Theme in major key. I played them both in my head and my brain exploded. John Williams is a genius

And now a subsequent explosion happened in my head!

Great article BTW, I'm starting to dabble in music for my game since it's so silent....this was quite helpful to get me started (along with some of your other articles).

Thanks very much for the kinds word. Hope it helps out and if you need any advice at all then please inbox me and I will help out where I can.

April 04, 2014 03:46 PM
Ocular Audio

Thought this one would never come again.

That starts to get real interesting. If I may give a little pointer to this, the audio examples are great but if you could also give some popular examples.

The diminished chord for example, think the legend of Zelda (Nes), in the castle levels.

Major chord, think Legend of Zelda again but this time outside world.

Major/Minor, Mario Bros main theme, Mario Bros Bowser Castle

See how a pattern is showing up, Major is often used in outside world for happy feeling, minor and diminished (which is a minor as well) for claustrophobic atmosphere (you do mention that anyway).

sus4/sus2 Don't have any example of sus4 but I think Police (the band) was extensively using the sus2 chord, Everybreath you take is an arpeggio based on this.

Again, I am not at all minimizing your work, just bringing some thoughts I feel you should add there for people to right away get what you mean.

Thanks

Hi Fafase,

Thanks for posting a comment mate. Much appreciated feedback. And great idea on posting references. I'm actually going to be doing some full game audio break downs of projects I work on where it gives in game examples. On these I will likely speak of inspiration and references. I have to be honest I completely forgot to include in this article. I was to focused on making sure the content made sense.

April 04, 2014 03:49 PM
elbenko

Great article series!

Even if most (serious) musicians learn these things pretty early on, either through school or self-experimentation, it's a great read for someone just starting out, and even for game designers in other departments in order to create a cohesive game experience.

When it comes to conveying / asserting a certain feeling there really isn't anything that trumphs a good musical score. Even a lack of music (where you normally would expect some) can have a powerful effect, given the right situation.

Some suggestions for a possible addendum/part 2 of this Chords article, or perhaps even a whole new article subject in itself.

How to make your pieces musically interesting through contrasting parts:

- Parts with varied chord progressions (for example low movement monotonous verse progression into high movement w/ added progression complexity chorus)

- Varying the tone (for example going from minor verse to major chorus)

- Varied chord inversion (for example low movement inversion chord progression verse into a high movement inversion chord progression chorus)

Obviously contrasting tempo, rhythm, melody, velocity (volume) etc. come into play aswell, but if you're going to restrict it to the subject of chords these "techniques" are good to have in the back of your head when composing.

Anyhow, as I mentioned previously, great articles. Thoroughly explained and put in words I can see people new to composing music would understand.

Looking forward to reading more stuff by you guys.

May 08, 2014 01:40 PM
Ocular Audio

Hi Elbenko,

Thanks for your kind words. Very much appreciated. I agree a lot of musicians do learn these principles early on. However I have also noticed in many films I have watched and games I have played the score simply not working. It's as if they aren't paying attention to what is happening when composing. They are just writing and using something that sounds nice. It's very disappointing but sets apart the good composers from the bad I suppose. Couldn't agree more about the use silence. I am currently working on a game where using a minimalist approach can be utilised very effectively.

Thanks for the suggestions for another post. Will definitely try to cover these at some point when I get the chance. Thinking about this and other posts the game I am working on have agreed to let me do a developers blog from the audio guys perspective. So delving into the creation of music for a game. I shall make a note to try and include areas such as these in the blog, and how they can be utilised. I'm hoping the blog will be useful for developers to see the game from an audio point of view and how important it is.

May 08, 2014 02:42 PM
elbenko

You're welcome mate!

Yeah, agreed on the lack of thought behind the use of some scores. My best guess is that it's due to lack of communication more than anything. Either that, or someone not qualified took the final artistic decision.

Not uncommon for team managers to switch scores for something other than the composer originally intended them for, perhaps in some cases it's warranted, but I would like to think the musician usually knows best.

Yeah, please do use my suggestions for something if you get the time, but only if you think it would make for an interesting subject to read about. I'd do it myself but I don't know all the proper terms for everything related to music composition (not properly schooled), and I'm not half as good with words as you.

The blog sounds like an awesome idea! I've only ever read devblogs from either the programmer or the team manager viewpoint before - would love to follow the work of the audio guys.

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So far in the series we have covered key and tempo with regards to composing music for video games. In the article chords are discussed. An understanding of the construction of chords and how they can be utilised effectively with visual media is key

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