HTML5 is the flavor of HTML that's current. There's nothing about older HTML that won't work, but if you're starting now, you might as well follow all the HTML5 best practices.
The other thing to learn is CSS (which means CSS3 these days.)
Also ECMAScript 5 (also known as "JavaScript 5") is common, and ECMAScript 6 is starting to become standard on all the browser that "matter."
(Only IE11 doesn't do 6)
Now, when it comes to HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you typically use a number of helper frameworks, because the technologies are kind-of raw on their own.
My personal favorite for a bare website without special bells or whistles is actually to just write raw JavaScript, CSS, and HTML.
For bigger things, I'd suggest TypeScript (which compiles to JavaScript, and has good integration in VS Code,) SASS (which lets you write some nicer syntax than raw CSS) and React (which is a framework that generates HTML5)
However, there are tons of different frameworks out there (anything from Angular to Ember to Backbone to who-knows.)
https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/react-&-webpack.htmlFor back-end, I happen to like raw node.js or PHP for small things, and Haskell / Warp for big things. Your mileage will almost certainly vary here!
I like MySQL and Postgres as SQL databases, and Redis as a cache (but not for persistence!) Please stay away from people who try to tell you MongoDB is great -- it's certainly easy to get started with, but it's like building a sand castle; it won't stand the test of time.
To develop, I recommend getting a copy of VirtualBox and installing some simple Linux on that (Ubuntu or Red Hat most likely.)
If you stick to PHP, HTML, JavaScript, and CSS, using MySQL as your database back-end, you will be able to get very cheap (or even free) web hosts that you can deploy your application to.
Unfortunately, because of the highly complex layers of technology that fetches pictures and text to put on your screen, there are so many layers you'll end up having to learn about, so there's no single "here's everything you know" tutorial.