I''ll try to post my replies as I read your post
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As for the space conundrum, I think it depends on how you define your interstellar space travel capacity. In other words, does the vessel physically go faster than the speed of light? If so, then you can encounter some relativistc effects.
Now that I''ve said that, there are some very interesting and bizarre things that quantum physics has discovered. First of all, for the most part, Einstein''s theory of relativity is falling apart at the seams from what I understand. In a laboratory exercise designed to prove the EPR (Einstein Podalsky Rosenburg) argument, Bell was able to determine that there was indeed SOMETHING that went faster than the speed of light. What this thing was is totally unknown however, for it was neither matter nor energy...thereby saving Einstein''s realitivity theory...at least by pure definition.
However, the mroe theoretical physicists ponder the universe, the more Einstein''s theories don''t seem to be holding water. In fact, the EPR argument was developed by Einstein because he couldn''t accept that "God doesn''t play dice with the universe".
So, when you really get down to it, if you are looking for a "realistic" or "plausible" explanation for FTL travel, then I''d suggest reading some laymen''s books on Theoretical physics. The classic is of course the Stephen Hawkings stuff, but there''s also good books by Alan Wolf, and a book called The Emperor''s New Mind. I think they are FAR more intriguing than any sci-fi book (even by the greats like Asimov, Clarke, Dick, or Herbert).
As for the Aliens, I think the key is "Alien". They shouldn''t be rubber suit men. In many ways, all you have to do is look at other cultures, make it a little more extreme, and you have a good basis for an Alien society. Think other cultures aren''t Alien? Well, the Pueblo indians have no words for our concepts likie "Coerce, negotiate, persuade" etc. Think about that for a moment. Imagine something as simple as taking away key parts of our vocabulary and imagine the effect it would have on a culture.
And speaking of culture, how would the Alien visitation effect humanity? Would it send us reeling in shock? Would it disrupt our economy? Would we go into xenophobia mode if the Aliens are icky looking bugs (that happen to have hearts of gold)? How we react to this monumental act is very overlooked in most sci-fi settings. Imagine for a second if you turned on the TV, and you saw on the news incontrovertible evidence of intelligent life that was here visiting us on Earth. How would you feel? Heck, how would you feel if you saw on TV that the face on Mars was indeed an artificial construct?
I''ll throw out another bite for you to digest....you mention a Galatic government, but how many people would realistically go along with something like this? Look at the UN, many see it as a straw tiger, and even then lots of Americans can''t stand the idea of doing something that the UN tells them to do. I find it highly ironic that for a country that holds democracy in the highest esteem, we thumb our noses when the democracy of the world tells us something we should be doing. So, how did the Galatic government come into being? Is there a "leader among equals" like the humans in the Federation of Planets for Star Trek? Or is it more like a confederacy like the United Nations on Earth today?
In a nutshell, I think most sci-fi stories don''t dig past the surface and are instead about the flash. The cool spaceships, the neat aliens, the tricked out guns, etc. I don''t think sci-fi settings really extrapolate what might happen and how it would change society. Just think for a second how different our lifestyle is now compared to 1976. Imagine what all of these things would do to the world in this timeframe. If you consider all of these things I think it will make for a far more immersive world and will make it far more unique.
The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon on the Mount." - General Omar Bradley