// 16-bit page flipping demo

// INCLUDES ///////////////////////////////////////////////

#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN // just say no to MFC

#define INITGUID

#include // include important windows stuff
#include
#include
#include // include important C/C++ stuff
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include

#include // include directdraw

// DEFINES ////////////////////////////////////////////////

// defines for windows
#define WINDOW_CLASS_NAME "WINCLASS1"

// default screen size
#define SCREEN_WIDTH 800 // size of screen
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 600
#define SCREEN_BPP 16 // bits per pixel

// TYPES //////////////////////////////////////////////////////

// basic unsigned types
typedef unsigned short USHORT;
typedef unsigned short WORD;
typedef unsigned char UCHAR;
typedef unsigned char BYTE;

// container structure for bitmaps .BMP file
typedef struct BITMAP_FILE_TAG
{
BITMAPFILEHEADER bitmapfileheader; // this contains the bitmapfile header
BITMAPINFOHEADER bitmapinfoheader; // this is all the info including the palette
UCHAR *buffer; // this is a pointer to the data

} BITMAP_FILE, *BITMAP_FILE_PTR;

// PROTOTYPES //////////////////////////////////////////////

int Flip_Bitmap(UCHAR *image, int bytes_per_line, int height);

int Load_Bitmap_File(BITMAP_FILE_PTR bitmap, char *filename);

int Unload_Bitmap_File(BITMAP_FILE_PTR bitmap);

// MACROS /////////////////////////////////////////////////

#define KEYDOWN(vk_code) ((GetAsyncKeyState(vk_code) & 0x8000) ? 1 : 0)
#define KEYUP(vk_code) ((GetAsyncKeyState(vk_code) & 0x8000) ? 0 : 1)
#define BITMAP_ID 0x4D42 // universal id for a bitmap

// initializes a direct draw struct
#define DDRAW_INIT_STRUCT(ddstruct) { memset(&ddstruct,0,sizeof(ddstruct)); ddstruct.dwSize=sizeof(ddstruct); }

// this builds a 16 bit color value in 5.6.5 format (green dominate mode)
#define _RGB16BIT565(r,g,b) ((b%32) + ((g%64) << 6) + ((r%32) << 11))

// GLOBALS ////////////////////////////////////////////////
HWND main_window_handle = NULL; // globally track main window
int window_closed = 0; // tracks if window is closed
HINSTANCE hinstance_app = NULL; // globally track hinstance

// directdraw stuff
LPDIRECTDRAW4 lpdd4 = NULL; // dd4 object
LPDIRECTDRAWSURFACE4 lpddsprimary = NULL; // dd primary surface
LPDIRECTDRAWSURFACE4 lpddsback = NULL; // dd back surface
LPDIRECTDRAWPALETTE lpddpal = NULL; // a pointer to the created dd palette
LPDIRECTDRAWCLIPPER lpddclipper = NULL; // dd clipper
DDSURFACEDESC2 ddsd; // a direct draw surface description struct
HRESULT ddrval; // result back from dd calls
DWORD start_clock_count = 0; // used for timing
BITMAP_FILE bitmap; // holds the bitmap

char buffer[80]; // general printing buffer

// FUNCTIONS //////////////////////////////////////////////

int Load_Bitmap_File(BITMAP_FILE_PTR bitmap, char *filename)
{
// this function opens a bitmap file and loads the data into bitmap

int file_handle; // the file handle

UCHAR *temp_buffer = NULL; // used to convert 24 bit images to 16 bit
OFSTRUCT file_data; // the file data information

// open the file if it exists
if ((file_handle = OpenFile(filename,&file_data,OF_READ))==-1)
return(0);

// now load the bitmap file header
_lread(file_handle, &bitmap->bitmapfileheader,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER));

// test if this is a bitmap file
if (bitmap->bitmapfileheader.bfType!=BITMAP_ID)
{
// close the file
_lclose(file_handle);

// return error
return(0);
} // end if

// now we know this is a bitmap, so read in all the sections

// first the bitmap infoheader

// now load the bitmap file header
_lread(file_handle, &bitmap->bitmapinfoheader,sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER));

// finally the image data itself
_lseek(file_handle,-(int)(bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biSizeImage),SEEK_END);

// now read in the image, if the image is 8 or 16 bit then simply read it
// but if its 24 bit then read it into a temporary area and then convert
// it to a 16 bit image

if (bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biBitCount==8 | | bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biBitCount==16 | |
bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biBitCount==24)
{
// delete the last image if there was one
if (bitmap->buffer)
free(bitmap->buffer);

// allocate the memory for the image
if (!(bitmap->buffer = (UCHAR *)malloc(bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biSizeImage)))
{
// close the file
_lclose(file_handle);

// return error
return(0);
} // end if

// now read it in
_lread(file_handle,bitmap->buffer,bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biSizeImage);

} // end if
else
{
// serious problem
return(0);

} // end else

#if 0
// write the file info out
printf("\nfilename:%s \nsize=%d \nwidth=%d \nheight=%d \nbitsperpixel=%d \ncolors=%d \nimpcolors=%d",
filename,
bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biSizeImage,
bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biWidth,
bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biHeight,
bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biBitCount,
bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biClrUsed,
bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biClrImportant);
#endif

// close the file
_lclose(file_handle);

// flip the bitmap
Flip_Bitmap(bitmap->buffer,
bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biWidth*(bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biBitCount/8),
bitmap->bitmapinfoheader.biHeight);

// return success
return(1);

} // end Load_Bitmap_File

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int Unload_Bitmap_File(BITMAP_FILE_PTR bitmap)
{
// this function releases all memory associated with "bitmap"
if (bitmap->buffer)
{
// release memory
free(bitmap->buffer);

// reset pointer
bitmap->buffer = NULL;

} // end if

// return success
return(1);

} // end Unload_Bitmap_File

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int Flip_Bitmap(UCHAR *image, int bytes_per_line, int height)
{
// this function is used to flip bottom-up .BMP images

UCHAR *buffer; // used to perform the image processing
int index; // looping index

// allocate the temporary buffer
if (!(buffer = (UCHAR *)malloc(bytes_per_line*height)))
return(0);

// copy image to work area
memcpy(buffer,image,bytes_per_line*height);

// flip vertically
for (index=0; index < height; index++)
memcpy(ℑ[((height-1) - index)*bytes_per_line],
&buffer[index*bytes_per_line], bytes_per_line);

// release the memory
free(buffer);

// return success
return(1);

} // end Flip_Bitmap

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(HWND hwnd,
UINT msg,
WPARAM wparam,
LPARAM lparam)
{
// this is the main message handler of the system
PAINTSTRUCT ps; // used in WM_PAINT
HDC hdc; // handle to a device context
char buffer[80]; // used to print strings

// what is the message
switch(msg)
{
case WM_CREATE:
{
// do initialization stuff here
// return success
return(0);
} break;

case WM_PAINT:
{
// simply validate the window
hdc = BeginPaint(hwnd,&ps);

// end painting
EndPaint(hwnd,&ps);

// return success
return(0);
} break;

case WM_DESTROY:
{

// kill the application, this sends a WM_QUIT message
PostQuitMessage(0);

// return success
return(0);
} break;

default:break;

} // end switch

// process any messages that we didn't take care of
return (DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wparam, lparam));

} // end WinProc

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int Game_Main(void *parms = NULL, int num_parms = 0)
{
// this is the main loop of the game, do all your processing
// here

// make sure this isn't executed again
if (window_closed)
return(0);

// for now test if user is hitting ESC and send WM_CLOSE
if (KEYDOWN(VK_ESCAPE))
{
PostMessage(main_window_handle,WM_CLOSE,0,0);
window_closed = 1;
} // end if

Load_Bitmap_File(&bitmap,"bitmap24.bmp");

// lock the back buffer
DDRAW_INIT_STRUCT(ddsd);
lpddsback->Lock(NULL,&ddsd, DDLOCK_SURFACEMEMORYPTR | DDLOCK_WAIT,NULL);

// alias pointer to back buffer surface
USHORT *back_buffer = (USHORT *)ddsd.lpSurface;

// now clear the back buffer out
memset(back_buffer,0,SCREEN_WIDTH*SCREEN_HEIGHT);

// process each line and copy it into the primary buffer
for (int index_y = 0; index_y < SCREEN_HEIGHT; index_y++)
{
for (int index_x = 0; index_x < SCREEN_WIDTH; index_x++)
{
// get BGR values, note the scaling down of the channels, so that they
// fit into the 5.6.5 format
UCHAR blue = (bitmap.buffer[index_y*SCREEN_WIDTH*3 + index_x*3 + 0]) >> 3,
green = (bitmap.buffer[index_y*SCREEN_WIDTH*3 + index_x*3 + 1]) >> 3,
red = (bitmap.buffer[index_y*SCREEN_WIDTH*3 + index_x*3 + 2]) >> 3;

// this builds a 16 bit color value in 5.6.5 format (green dominant mode)
USHORT pixel = _RGB16BIT565(red,green,blue);

// write the pixel
back_buffer[index_x + (index_y*ddsd.lPitch >> 1)] = pixel;

} // end for index_x

} // end for index_y

// unlock the back buffer
if (FAILED(lpddsback->Unlock(NULL)))
return(0);

// perform the flip
while (FAILED(lpddsprimary->Flip(NULL, DDFLIP_WAIT)));

// wait a sec
Sleep(500);

// return success or failure or your own return code here
return(1);

// unload the bitmap file, we no longer need it
Unload_Bitmap_File(&bitmap);

} // end Game_Main

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int Game_Init(void *parms = NULL, int num_parms = 0)
{
// this is called once after the initial window is created and
// before the main event loop is entered, do all your initialization
// here

LPDIRECTDRAW lpdd_temp;

// first create base IDirectDraw interface
if (FAILED(DirectDrawCreate(NULL, &lpdd_temp, NULL)))
return(0);

// now query for IDirectDraw4
if (FAILED(lpdd_temp->QueryInterface(IID_IDirectDraw4,
(LPVOID *)&lpdd4)))
return(0);

// set cooperation to full screen
if (FAILED(lpdd4->SetCooperativeLevel(main_window_handle,
DDSCL_FULLSCREEN | DDSCL_ALLOWMODEX |
DDSCL_EXCLUSIVE | DDSCL_ALLOWREBOOT)))
return(0);

// set display mode to 800x600x16
if (FAILED(lpdd4->SetDisplayMode(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, SCREEN_BPP,0,0)))
return(0);

// clear ddsd and set size
DDRAW_INIT_STRUCT(ddsd);

// enable valid fields
ddsd.dwFlags = DDSD_CAPS | DDSD_BACKBUFFERCOUNT;

// set the backbuffer count field to 1, use 2 for triple buffering
ddsd.dwBackBufferCount = 1;

// request a complex, flippable
ddsd.ddsCaps.dwCaps = DDSCAPS_PRIMARYSURFACE | DDSCAPS_COMPLEX | DDSCAPS_FLIP;

// create the primary surface
if (FAILED(lpdd4->CreateSurface(&ddsd, &lpddsprimary, NULL)))
return(0);

// now query for attached surface from the primary surface

// this line is needed by the call
ddsd.ddsCaps.dwCaps = DDSCAPS_BACKBUFFER;

// return success or failure or your own return code here
return(1);

} // end Game_Init

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int Game_Shutdown(void *parms = NULL, int num_parms = 0)
{
// this is called after the game is exited and the main event
// loop while is exited, do all you cleanup and shutdown here

// first the palette
if (lpddpal)
{
lpddpal->Release();
lpddpal = NULL;
} // end if

// now the back buffer surface
if (lpddsback)
{
lpddsback->Release();
lpddsback = NULL;
} // end if

// now the primary surface
if (lpddsprimary)
{
lpddsprimary->Release();
lpddsprimary = NULL;
} // end if

// now blow away the IDirectDraw4 interface
if (lpdd4)
{
lpdd4->Release();
lpdd4 = NULL;
} // end if

// return success or failure or your own return code here
return(1);

} // end Game_Shutdown

// WINMAIN ////////////////////////////////////////////////

int WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE hinstance,
HINSTANCE hprevinstance,
LPSTR lpcmdline,
int ncmdshow)
{

WNDCLASSEX winclass; // this will hold the class we create
HWND hwnd; // generic window handle
MSG msg; // generic message
HDC hdc; // graphics device context

// first fill in the window class stucture
winclass.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
winclass.style = CS_DBLCLKS | CS_OWNDC |
CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
winclass.lpfnWndProc = WindowProc;
winclass.cbClsExtra = 0;
winclass.cbWndExtra = 0;
winclass.hInstance = hinstance;
winclass.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
winclass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
winclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH);
winclass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
winclass.lpszClassName = WINDOW_CLASS_NAME;
winclass.hIconSm = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);

// save hinstance in global
hinstance_app = hinstance;

// register the window class
if (!RegisterClassEx(&winclass))
return(0);

// create the window
if (!(hwnd = CreateWindowEx(NULL, // extended style
WINDOW_CLASS_NAME, // class
"DirectDraw Page Flipping Demo", // title
WS_POPUP | WS_VISIBLE,
0,0, // initial x,y
SCREEN_WIDTH,SCREEN_HEIGHT, // initial width, height
NULL, // handle to parent
NULL, // handle to menu
hinstance,// instance of this application
NULL))) // extra creation parms
return(0);

// save main window handle
main_window_handle = hwnd;

// initialize game here
Game_Init();

// enter main event loop
while(TRUE)
{
// test if there is a message in queue, if so get it
if (PeekMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0,PM_REMOVE))
{
// test if this is a quit
if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)
break;

// translate any accelerator keys
TranslateMessage(&msg);

// send the message to the window proc
DispatchMessage(&msg);
} // end if

// main game processing goes here
Game_Main();

} // end while

// closedown game here
Game_Shutdown();

// return to Windows like this
return(msg.wParam);

} // end WinMain

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////