//CEngine.h// include files ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////#include <string.h>  // needed for strcpy()#include <windows.h> // needed for windows #include <d3d8.h>    // needed for direct 3dclass CEngine {private:	char *m_strAppName;	LPDIRECT3D8       m_pD3D;       // Used to create the D3DDevice	LPDIRECT3DDEVICE8 m_pd3dDevice; // Our rendering device	HWND              m_hWnd;       // our window handlepublic:	CEngine();	~CEngine();	HWND GetHandle();	char* GetAppName();	RenderBeg();	RenderEnd();	InitD3D();	};CEngine::CEngine() {	// member variables /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////	m_strAppName = "Cenus Engine build 1"; 	m_pD3D       = NULL; // Used to create the D3DDevice	m_pd3dDevice = NULL; // Our rendering device	m_hWnd = NULL;       // our window handle}CEngine::~CEngine() {	// first, release any devices we''ve created.  if(m_pd3dDevice != NULL) {    m_pd3dDevice->Release();    m_pd3dDevice = NULL; // just to be safe  }  // next, release the direct3d interface.  if(m_pD3D != NULL) {    m_pD3D->Release();    m_pD3D = NULL; // just to be safe  }}HWND CEngine::GetHandle() {	return m_hWnd;}char *CEngine::GetAppName() {  		return m_strAppName;}CEngine::RenderBeg() {	m_pd3dDevice->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0,0,255), 1.0f, 0 );    // Begin the scene    m_pd3dDevice->BeginScene();    // Rendering of scene objects can happen after here}CEngine::RenderEnd() {	// End the scene    m_pd3dDevice->EndScene();    // Present the backbuffer contents to the display    m_pd3dDevice->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL );}CEngine::InitD3D() {	// create a Direct3D device  m_pD3D = Direct3DCreate8( D3D_SDK_VERSION );  if(m_pD3D == NULL) {    throw("Direct3DCreate8 failed.");  }  // Get the current desktop display mode  D3DDISPLAYMODE d3ddm;  if(FAILED(m_pD3D->GetAdapterDisplayMode(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, &d3ddm))) {    throw("GetAdapterDisplayMode failed.");  }    D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;   ZeroMemory( &d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp) ); // this will set all members to zero    // setting zero for width and height will tell windows to use window  // dimensions for backbuffer dimensions.  d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = 0;  d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = 0;  // request a back buffer format that matches the current desktop display   // format.  d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = d3ddm.Format;  // we want 1 back buffer  d3dpp.BackBufferCount = 1;  // no multisampling  d3dpp.MultiSampleType = D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE;  // "discard" swap effect.  This means that we should never care about  // the contents of the front buffer - we should always re-render the  // entire screen on the back buffer each frame.  This is the most  // efficient method of presenting the back buffer.  d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;  // use our window as the device window  d3dpp.hDeviceWindow = m_hWnd;  // we want to do D3D in a window  d3dpp.Windowed = TRUE;   // we don''t want Direct3D to manage depth buffers for us  // (that''s because we don''t use any right now)  d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = false;  d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_UNKNOWN;  // no special flags  d3dpp.Flags = 0;  // default refresh rate  d3dpp.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz = D3DPRESENT_RATE_DEFAULT;  // default presentation interval (we must use this because we''re in  // a window)  d3dpp.FullScreen_PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_DEFAULT;    // Create the Direct3D device.   if(FAILED(m_pD3D->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,                                  D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, m_hWnd,                                 D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING,                                 &d3dpp, &m_pd3dDevice)))  {    throw("CreateDevice failed.");  }}// CEngine.h#include "CEngine.h"CEngine* g_CenusEngine;LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProc(  HWND hwnd,      // handle to window  UINT uMsg,      // message identifier  WPARAM wParam,  // first message parameter  LPARAM lParam   // second message parameter){  switch(uMsg) {    case WM_PAINT:    {      g_CenusEngine->RenderBeg();    }    // we processed the message, so return 0.    return(0);  case WM_DESTROY: // our window is being destroyed!  quit!    g_CenusEngine->RenderEnd();	g_CenusEngine->~CEngine();	PostQuitMessage(0);    return(0);  }  // all the other messages, we don''t care about, so we let DefWindowProc  // handle them.  return(DefWindowProc(hwnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam));}HWND InitWindow(HINSTANCE g_hInstance, int nCmdShow){  HWND                hwnd;  WNDCLASSEX          wc;    // set up and register window class  memset(&wc, 0, sizeof(wc));  wc.cbSize = sizeof(wc);  wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;  wc.lpfnWndProc = WindowProc; // change this to NULL and crash!  wc.cbClsExtra = 0;  wc.cbWndExtra = 0;  wc.hInstance = g_hInstance;  wc.hIcon = NULL;  wc.hIconSm = NULL;  wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);  wc.hbrBackground = NULL;   wc.lpszMenuName = NULL;  wc.lpszClassName = "CenusEngineWindow";  RegisterClassEx(&wc);    // create a window that''s 640 pixels wide, 480 tall.  hwnd = CreateWindowEx(0, "CenusEngineWindow", g_CenusEngine->GetAppName(),	    WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,       10, 10, 640, 480, NULL, NULL, g_hInstance, NULL);    if (!hwnd) {    ::MessageBox(NULL, "CreateWindow failed!", g_CenusEngine->GetAppName(), MB_ICONSTOP);  }    ShowWindow(hwnd, nCmdShow);  return(hwnd);} int APIENTRY WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,                     HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,                     LPSTR     lpCmdLine,                     int       nCmdShow){  // create a window 	g_CenusEngine->GetHandle() = InitWindow(hInstance, nCmdShow);  // this is a C++ try-catch block.  It works very simply.  Inside the try,  // there are throw() functions.  These "throw" errors, which are caught  // by the "catch" statement at the end of the try block.    // (for more information, see the appendix.)  try {    g_CenusEngine->InitD3D();  } catch(const char *errmsg) {    // if we threw any const char *''s, catch them here, display the error,    // then exit.    MessageBox(g_CenusEngine->GetHandle(), errmsg, g_CenusEngine->GetAppName(), 0);  }  catch(...) {    // catch unhandled exceptions.    MessageBox(g_CenusEngine->GetHandle(), "An unknown error occurred.", g_CenusEngine->GetAppName(), 0);  }  // note that we clean all this stuff up when our window is destroyed,  // aka when we get a WM_DESTROY message.  // message pump  while (1) {    MSG msg;    if (PeekMessage(&msg, 0, 0, 0, PM_NOREMOVE))    {      int result = GetMessage(&msg, 0, 0, 0);      if (!result) return(msg.wParam);      TranslateMessage(&msg);       DispatchMessage(&msg);    }  }  // we''ll never get here, but the compiler will complain if we don''t  // have this line.  return 0;}