Ok, I am confused now. This is possible with VK_external_memory in Vulkan right?
]If you have VK_KHX_external_memory or the corresponding NV extension available (which is not the case on my nVidia 1060 card!), and if you can figure out how to do it (I can't, apparently you need to pass some extra structures when creating objects... but then... who knows), then, in theory, it looks like you might be able to do such a thing with Vulkan.
Which basically boils down to somehow duplicating a HANDLE under WIndows, or creating a POSIX file descriptor (that can then be transfered via a FIFO). There's a _fd and a _win32 extension to be found under "appendices" which apparently do such things. But I'm unable to figure out how they'd work, nor do I see any of them exposed on my computer, and they seem to be kinda half-finished, too.
Either way, even if you can figure these out, that doesn't mean you can do it with OpenGL (which your question was about). I am not aware of any GL extension with similar functionality, and given the complexity/obscurity of GL memory management, I doubt it's even possible in theory.