Any chance you could suggest something for the trebuchet problem ?
Personally I haven't experienced yet. I work at the constraints level which I think that it's easier than books that uses not very comproved approximations.
I would suggest studying constraints first (at least at the velocity level). All information on the slides and solutions basically try to satisfy the velocities constraints such that the objects keeps separated by applying instantaneous changes in the velocity (AKA impulses).
Papers like Witkin and Baraff I believe it works at the force level which it's more complicated since you need to compute a matrix of derivatives.
But you can expose it the problem in another topic if you want more detailed info.