I`m a bit uneducated on this matter please don`t be too harsh with my roughness/rudeness.
It looks like England had a Parliament as early as 1500 - 1600 (since the days of Magna Charta), and not just a gathering made of aristocracy (every nation of the face of the earth has had that since forever), it is had elected members that had power to stand their ground in the face of the monarch. Some point to France to hint democracy but France has had Bonaparte and Bonapartes existence invalidates revolution. Same thing with Germany with Hitler. So although there are many `Republics`, it`s actually a Monarchy that has been (a) `res` `publica` with consistency.
(on a different thread, the popular threads side panel is annoying I hate seeing my name all over that place. What`s important shouldn`t be algorithmically generated but rather moderator established)