I think in the case of a Zombie apocalypse then something like dried zombie fingers would work.
I like this one, small societies could start accepting them, because if they do they would be rewarding people for killing zombies(and taking their fingers) giving the society some kind of safety.
off course, a society creating any kind of currency without intrinsic value(anything that is not consumable) would need some kind of internal functioning economy making enough profit to pay for these fingers, and it would take a while before the currency wouldn't be so dependent on certain (official) backers.
Paper money has followed the same route, in the beginning it was backed by a promise of gold but after a while that would no longer be as necessary.
(UK still prints this promise on it's currency but no longer holds the promise)
Another idea is some kind of bitcoins, a post-apocalyptic world would not necessarily have lost it's satelites, and only the traders would need the hardware to access the bitcoin-network. Off course it would kill the trade between non-traders/players.
Some things to think about:
Do you want the value of goods/currency be "set" in advance of creating the game-world, or do you want an open economy where supply and demand dictate their values ?
Do you want goods to be created or maybe even be in unlimited supply by (NPC-)traders ?
Do you want currency to be created or maybe even be in unlimited supply by (NPC-)traders ?
Or would you prefer the game world to always hold 100(or whatever) units of currency per (active)player ?