While the idea is generally correct, your examples are somewhat unlucky. Also, you should note that computer science and programming do not necessarily have a lot in common.
One should note that Mattrick was appointed as CEO because he had been an executive at Microsoft before, and at EA before that. He became executive at EA not because of a computer science degree, but because EA acquired a company that Mattrick had founded. Being hired for a bigger, better executive position at a competitor is a typical thing in an executive career. Integrating the management stock during an acquisition is standard. So, apart from being fucking cool and founding a nationwide, successful company at the age of 17, Mattrick was lucky, too.
Similarly, Larry Page is not Google's CEO because of a university degree. He founded the company. Being a company founder means being the guy who took all risk and found out it didn't work as well as he had expected 99% of the time, and being the one cool guy who runs a company like Google (usually a bit smaller) in the remaining 1%. It takes a lot of investment (time and money), courage, and of course luck.
Now, Marissa Mayer... she is not just someone with a degree, but someone who ranked in the top ten (maybe top 3) within her field, which just happened to be the field that the then-small Google was urgently interested in. So, yeah, she got a high executive job right away, but not for no reason.
You should not expect to gain a M.S. and be hired as the vice president of IBM a year later. This is not going to happen. Doing some Java programming won't help either. CEOs don't do Java programming, but on the other hand there exist a couple of million of people who do Java programming better (and cheaper) than you.
However, it is realistic to enter a corporation at manager level and haul in a high-5 or low-6 digit annual salary. It's realistic to expect being contacted by headhunters and being offered a better position with more perks (assuming you're not a failure). It's realistic to haul in a mid-6 digit annual salary within a couple of years (if you deliver, and if you play the game right). It's possible to become managing director or such, but this doesn't just fall from the sky only because you have a degree.