Do modern operating systems such as Windows and Linux call any code from the BIOS?

Yes, of course they do.


The BIOS system is there to give basic control until the OS is able to supersede it. Eventually the operating system is able to do it's job (operate the system) but when it first starts out, it doesn't have anything loaded yet still needs to read from disk and perform other operations.


Why do you ask?

Many pmode graphics drivers need a copy of the reset bios for it's initialization, for example. To do that they need to call routines in the bios. Some pmode graphics drivers even use VBE calls to do it's modesetting